1.
Pengertian
Adverb dan Adjective
Adverb adalah kata yang berfungsiuntukmendeskripsikanverb (kata
kerja), adjective
(kata sifat), maupunadverb lain. Kata
keteranganbahasaInggrisinimerupakansatudaridelapanpart of speech yang mungkinberbentuksederhana
(fast, there, usually), atauberbentukfrasa. Frasa adverb, disebutadverb phrase, dapatberupa
kata keterangan dengan qualifier ataukelompok
kata seperti: prepositional phrase atau infinitive phrase
(very fast, at the office, to be better).
Macam,
Fungsi, danContoh Adverb
Berikutmacam, fungsi, dancontohadverb.
- Time (waktu): menyatakanwaktuterjadinyasuatukegiatan/peristiwa (now, today, yesterday).
- Manner (cara): menyatakancarasuatukegiatandilakukanatauperistiwaterjadi (automatically, beautifully, fast).
- Degree (derajat): menyatakansampaiseberapajauh (tingkatanatauderajat) suatukegiatan/peristiwa (absolutely, barely, really).
- Modality (harapan): menyatakantingkatkeyakinan/harapan (likely, maybe, probably).
- Frequency (frekuensi): menyatakanseberapaseringsuatukegiatanatauperistiwadilakukanatauterjadi (always, often, rarely).
- Place & Direction (tempat&arah): menyatakantempatdanarahterjadinyasuatukegiatan/peristiwa (here, in, somewhere).
- Purpose: menjawabpertanyaan “why” (for a reason, to buy some clothes).
- Focus: menunjukkanbahwaapa yang dibicarakanterbataspadabagian yang difokuskan (also, just, only).
ContohKalimat
Adverb:
- Please call me later, I’m studying now. (Tolonghubungisayananti, sayasedangbelajarsekarang.)
- He is watching the football match there. (Diasedangmenontonpertandingansepakboladisana.)
Adverb
Placement & Order
Adverb Placement: adverbmungkindapatditempatkan di
awal (Maybe I call her tonight), tengah (They’ve recently went
home), atauakhirkalimat (He always drives fast).
Jikaadalebihdarisatu kata keterangan di dalamsuatukalimat,
kitaperlumengikutiaturan adverb
order: manner – place – frequency – time
– purpose.
ContohKalimat
Adverb Order:
I took the cooking course for three daysevery week last month.
(Sayamengambilkursusmemasakselamatigahariseminggubulanlalu.)
Adverbial
Clause
Adverbial Clause merupakan dependent
clause yang berfungsisebagai kata keterangandanmemberikaninformasitentangverb,
adjective, atau kata keterangan lainpadaindependent clause di
dalamsuatucomplex sentence.
ContohKalimat
Adverbial Clause:
When he didn’t come last night, he notified by phone. (Ketikadiatidakdatangsemalam,
diamengabarimelaluitelepon.)
Mempersingkatadverbial clause (reduced adverbial clause)
dapatdilakukandengansyarat di dalamcomplex sentence hanyaterdapatsatusubject.
ContohKalimat
Reduced Adverbial Clause:
When not coming last night, he notified by phone. (Ketikatidakdatangsemalam, diamengabarimelaluitelepon.)
2. Comparison
degree
The Degrees of Comparison (tingkatperbandingan)adalahistilahdalambahasainggris yang
merupakantingkat-tingkatperbandinganpada kata sifat (Adjectives).Adapunberdasarkantingkatannya,
The Degrees of Comparisondibagimenjadi
3 golongan:
1. Positive
degree. (Tingkat positif /
biasa)
2. Comparative
degree. (Tingkat
perbandingan / lebih)
3. Superlative
degree. (Tingkat terbaik/
paling)
BentukComparativedibuatdaribentukpositif yang
ditambahdenganakhiran–eratau–rdanawalanmore.SedangkanBentukSuperlativedibentukdaribentukpositif
yang ditambahdenganakhiran–estatau–stdanawalanmost.
Cara membentuk The Degree of Comparison
Positive
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
cheap
|
cheaper
|
cheapest
|
great
|
greater
|
greatest
|
tall
|
taller
|
tallest
|
high
|
higher
|
highest
|
small
|
smaller
|
smallest
|
short
|
shorter
|
shortest
|
long
|
longer
|
longest
|
fast
|
faster
|
fastest
|
loud
|
louder
|
loudest
|
low
|
lower
|
lowest
|
old
|
older
|
oldest
|
strong
|
stronger
|
strongest
|
young
|
younger
|
youngest
|
Kata sifat yang
terdiridarisatusuku kata danberakhirandengansatuhurufmati (Konsonan) yang
diawalidenganhuruf (Vokal), ditambahdenganakhiran–erdan–est.
Satuhurufmatiterakhirdigandakan.
Positive
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
big
|
bigger
|
biggest
|
wet
|
wetter
|
wettest
|
hot
|
hotter
|
hottest
|
fat
|
fatter
|
fattest
|
thin
|
thinner
|
thinnest
|
Kata sifat(Adjective) yang berakhirandenganhuruf–ydandiawalisatuatauduahurufmati,
maka–ydigantidengan–idankemudianditambah–eratau-est.
Positive
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
happy
|
happier
|
happiest
|
lucky
|
luckier
|
luckiest
|
pretty
|
prettier
|
prettiest
|
lazy
|
lazier
|
laziest
|
busy
|
busier
|
busiest
|
crazy
|
crazier
|
craziest
|
dry
|
drier
|
driest
|
easy
|
easier
|
easiest
|
lovely
|
lovelier
|
loveliest
|
funny
|
funnier
|
funniest
|
Kata sifat yang
berakhirandenganhuruf–ydansebelumnyadiawalidenganhurufhidup
(Vokal) juga, makahuruf–ytidakmengalamiperubahandanlangsungditambah–eratau–est.
Positive
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
grey
|
greyer
|
greyest
|
lay
|
layer
|
layest
|
Kata sifat yang
terdiriatasduasuku kata danberakhirandengan–eratau–owlangsungditambah–eratau-est.
Positive
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
clever
|
cleverer
|
cleverest
|
shallow
|
shallower
|
shallowest
|
slow
|
slower
|
slowest
|
Kata sifat yang
terdiriatasduasuku kata yang berakhirandenganhuruf–e, makahanyaditambahdengan–ratau–stsaja.
Positive
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
wise
|
wiser
|
wisest
|
polite
|
politer
|
politest
|
brave
|
braver
|
bravest
|
large
|
larger
|
largest
|
nice
|
nicer
|
nicest
|
wide
|
wider
|
widest
|
complete
|
completer
|
completest
|
simple
|
simpler
|
simplest
|
Kata sifat yang
terdiriatasduasuku kata, akantetapitekananpengucapannyajatuhpadasuku kata
pertama, tidakditambah–erdan–esttetapiditambahdenganmoredanmost.
Positive
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
famous
|
more famous
|
most famous
|
nervous
|
more nervous
|
most nervous
|
charming
|
more charming
|
most charming
|
Kata sifat yang
terdiriatastigasuku kata ataulebih, langsungditambahdenganmoreataumost.
Positive
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
careful
|
more careful
|
most careful
|
careless
|
more careless
|
most careless
|
useful
|
more useful
|
most useful
|
useless
|
more useless
|
most useless
|
readable
|
more readable
|
most readable
|
terrible
|
more terrible
|
most terrible
|
difficult
|
more difficult
|
most difficult
|
diligent
|
more diligent
|
most diligent
|
different
|
more different
|
most different
|
Ada beberapa Kata Sifat (Adjective) yang bentukComparative(Lebih)maupunSuperlative(Paling)-nyatidakmengikutiaturanseperti
yang telahditetapkan di atas, perhatikantabel di bawahini.
Positive
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
bad
|
worse
|
worst
|
ill
|
worse
|
worst
|
evil
|
worse
|
worst
|
good
|
better
|
best
|
many
|
more
|
most
|
much
|
more
|
most
|
a little
|
less
|
least
|
little
|
littler
|
littlest
|
late
|
later
later
|
last
latest
|
old
|
older
elder
|
oldest
eldest
|
far
|
farther
further
|
farthest
furthest
|
a few
|
less
|
least
|
few
|
fewer
|
fewest
|
hind
|
hinder
|
hindmost
|
CATATAN
Olderdanoldestdigunakanuntuk orang
danbenda, sedangkanelderdaneldesthanyadigunakanuntuk orang saja.
Contohnya:
She is my elder sister.
My truck is older than
yours.
|
Fartherdanfarthestdigunakanuntukmenunjukkanjaraksaja,
sedangkanfurtherdanfurthestdigunakanuntukmenunjukkanjarakdanwaktu.
Contohnya:
Bali is farther than
Maluku.
We shall get further
information.
|
Fungsi Positive Degree (Tingkat Positif)
Positive Degreedigunakanuntukmenyatakansuatukeadaan yang apaadanya.
Contoh: She is a beautiful girl.
Positive Degreedigunakanuntukmembandingkanduabendaatau orang yang tingkatannyasama,
baiksifat, bentukataubagianlainnya.
Formulas:
as + positive + as
no less + positive +
than
not more + positive +
than
|
Contoh:
She is as
beautiful as her sister.
(Artinya: Diasecantiksaudaraperempuannya)
She is no less
beautiful than her sister.
(Artinya: Diasamacantiknyadengansaudaraperempuannya)
She is not more
beautiful than her sister.
(Artinya: Diatidaklebihcantikdaripadasaudaraperempuannya
= berartisamacantiknya)
Dan
untukbentukkalimatnegatifnyadapatmenggunakanrumusberikut:
not + as + positive +
as
|
Contoh:
She is not as
beautiful as her sister
(Artinya: Diatidaksecantiksaudaraperempuannya)
Fungsi Comparative Degree (Tingkat perbandingan /
lebih)
Comparative Degreedigunakanuntukmembandingkanduabendaatau orang yang
berbeda.Ataudengan kata lain digunakanuntukmenyatakanbahwasesuatubendaatau
orang itumempunyaisifatlebihdibandingkan yang lain.
Formula:
Comparative + than
|
Contoh:
My house is bigger
than his house.
(Artinya: rumahsayalebihbesardaripadarumahnya)
Superlative Degree (Tingkat terbaik/ paling)
Superlative Degreedigunakanuntukmenyatakanbahwaseseorangatausuatubendamempunyaisifatmelebihiataumengunggulidibandingkan
yang lainnya.Padaumumnyadigunakanuntukmembandingkantigabendaataulebih.
Formulas:
the + superlative + of
the + superlative +
noun
|
Contoh:
He is the
funniest student in this class.
(Artinya: Diaadalahmurid paling lucu di kelas)
She is the most
beautiful of all the girls.
(Artinya: Diaadalahwanita paling cantikdiantarasemuawanita)
This is the
most expensive car.
(Artinya: Iniadalahmobil paling mahal)
References:
- Adverbs. http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adverbs.htm. Accessed on December 3, 2012.
- Adverb Placement. http://faculty.washington.edu/marynell/grammar/AdverbPl.html. Accessed on December 3, 2012.
- Dependent Clauses: Adverbial, Adjectival, Nominal. http://www.towson.edu/ows/advadjnomclause.htm. Accessed on October 5, 2012.
·
Adverb
Phrases.http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/advphr.htm.
Accessed on December 18, 2012.
- http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-macam-dan-contoh-kalimat-adverb-kata-keterangan-dalam-bahasa-inggris
- http://bahasainggrisonlines.blogspot.com/2012/12/The-Degrees-of-Comparison.html